The Bitcoin world is abuzz with both excitement and curiosity… and
the opportunity for upside potential to skyrocket. Everyone from
everyday Joes to reputable experts are betting on Bitcoin’s success.
It’s
been a wild 8 years since Bitcoin’s release. Most notably, we’ve seen
headlines of people who fortuitously purchased bitcoins early on turn
into kid-millionaires. With the immense potential of new
cryptocurrencies, our attention often turns to Bitcoin as a
quintessential example of what’s to come.
We’ve designed this guide to teach you about Bitcoin so that you’re up to speed and ready to join the crypto-world.
What is Bitcoin?
Released as an open-source software in 2009, Bitcoin is often credited as the world’s first cryptocurrency and is
best defined as a digital currency that only exists electronically.
Bitcoin is decentralized,
meaning it doesn’t have a central issuing authority or political
institution that controls the amount of bitcoin in circulation. But the
Bitcoin platform is far from anarchy.
The whole process is pretty
simple and organized: Bitcoin holders are able to transfer bitcoins via a
peer-to-peer network. These transfers are tracked on the “blockchain,”
commonly referred to as a
giant ledger. This ledger records every
bitcoin transaction ever made. Each “block” in the blockchain is built
up of a data structure based on
encrypted Merkle Trees.
This is particularly useful for detecting fraud or corrupted files. If a
single file in a chain is corrupt or fraudulent, the blockchain
prevents it from damaging the rest of the ledger.
Instead of relying on a government to print new currency,
Bitcoin’s
blockchain programming handles when bitcoins are made and how many are
produced. It also keeps track of where bitcoins are and ensures the
transactions are accurate.
There are currently about
17 million
bitcoins in circulation. There isn’t a central regulatory agency or
government controlling the supply of bitcoins, meaning the supply is
controlled by design. The total supply to ever be created is capped at
21 million bitcoins.
This cap raises an argument that Bitcoin
could have problems scaling. However, since Bitcoin is essentially
infinitesimally divisible (meaning users can transfer as little as
0.00000001 bitcoins), this doesn’t really create a scaling issue. The
magic number of 21 million is arbitrary.
It’s believed that
Bitcoin was designed to become a deflationary currency to combat the
government’s use of inflation as a hidden taxation to redistribute
earned wealth. Many people praise Bitcoin for empowering the people by
overthrowing the currency printing powers of transient politicians.
How Does Bitcoin Work?
One
of Bitcoin’s most appealing features is its ruthless verification
process, which greatly minimizes the risk of fraud. Since Bitcoin is
decentralized, volunteers—referred to as “miners”—constantly verify and
update the blockchain. Once a specific amount of transactions are
verified, another block is added to the blockchain and business
continues per usual.
What is “Mining”?
Instead of a single
central server verifying every transaction, essentially every other
person on the network verifies each transaction.
Cue the “miners.”
Let
me simplify the process so we all understand: Miners are presented with
a complicated math problem and the first one to solve the math problem
adds the verified block of transactions to the ledger. The calculations
are based on a Proof of Work (POW), or the proof that a minimum amount
of energy was spent to get a correct answer.
There aren’t actual
human beings hunched over computers with scraps of notebook paper and
calculators doing pre-calculus homework; hardware is used to perform
Bitcoin mining.
Bitcoin’s built-in reward system compensates
successful miners with a chunk of bitcoins. The reward changes over time
per Bitcoin’s programming, and the block reward halves about every four
years. The current reward for each new block of verified transactions
is about 12.5 bitcoins.
The mining processes have become
increasingly sophisticated. The most popular method uses
ASICS–Application-Specific Integrated Circuits. ASICS are hardware
systems similar to CPU computers that are built for the sole reason of
mining bitcoins.
Bitcoin mining operations take a lot of effort
and power, and the sheer amount of competition makes it difficult for
newcomers to enter the race and profit. A new miner would not only need
to have adequate computing power and the knowledge to use it to
outcompete the competition, but would also need the extensive amount of
capital necessary to fund the operations.
A Simple Bitcoin Transaction Example
While
Bitcoin’s underlying technology may seem hard to grasp, using Bitcoin
does not have to be difficult. Here’s an example of how simple a real
world Bitcoin transaction can be.
Bitcoin Wallets: How to Store Your Bitcoins
So,
you’ve got this digital currency. You can’t really chuck it in your
pocket. Let’s go through some useful definitions before we jump into
storing cryptos:
- Exchange platform: where you trade money for cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, or Litecoin. You can also trade one cryptocurrency for another.
- Wallet platform: essentially a bank account where your cryptocurrencies are kept.
- Hard wallet: an “offline” wallet that is not linked to a network.
- Public Cryptographic Key:
your account number. Similar to how someone would send money to your
bank account via your account number, your public cryptographic key is
the information you give to someone to receive cryptos.
- Private Cryptographic Key: the
key that allows you to spend your Bitcoins and other cryptocurrencies.
You guard this with your life. If someone has access to it, they can
transfer (steal!) your bitcoins.
Now that we’ve got that out of the way, we can discuss Bitcoin wallet better.
When
you hear of bitcoins being hacked, you’re probably hearing about an
“exchange platform” being hacked. Since Bitcoin’s blockchain structure
makes it EXTREMELY difficult to hack (borderline impossible), it is
considered very secure.
Exchanges, however, are a
different story.
Perhaps the most notable Bitcoin exchange hack was the Tokyo-based
MtGox hack in 2014, where 850,000 bitcoins with a value of over $350
million suddenly disappeared from the platform. This doesn’t mean that
Bitcoin itself was hacked; it just means that the exchange platform was
hacked. Imagine a bank in Iowa is robbed: the USD didn’t get robbed, the
bank did.
Industries surrounding Bitcoin are new and not without
their kinks. Bitcoin advocate and esteemed venture capitalist Marc
Andreessen
stated,
“MtGox had to die for Bitcoin to thrive. Its former role from early
Bitcoin days has been supplanted by better, stronger entities.”
Even though most wallet platforms are considered extremely secure, the prospect of hackers makes many users paranoid.
That brings us to hard wallets. A
hard wallet is essentially a USB that allows users to store their
cryptographic keys offline and off of exchanges. Your cryptographic key
only lives on your hard wallet and is impossible to hack (unless someone
physically steals your hard wallet).

Hard
wallets are so secure that there are countless stories of people
carelessly misplacing a hard wallet full of cryptos and never being able
to recover thousands, hundreds of thousands, or millions of bitcoins.
Some users opt to use a “
paper wallet,”
which is essentially your cryptographic keys on a piece of paper stored
somewhere safe like a bank vault. Although paper wallets are not
recommended, they can be done either by an online key generator (not
recommended due to threats of malware) or handwritten.
For more information on Bitcoin wallets, read out
Guide to Finding the Best Bitcoin Wallet.
Why use Bitcoin?
Bitcoin is often hailed as the future of the monetary world for a variety of reasons.
- It’s decentralized and brings power back to the people.
Launched just a year after the 2008 financial crises, Bitcoin has
attracted many people who see the current financial system as
unsustainable. This factor has won the hearts of those who view
politicians and government with suspicion. It’s no surprise there is a
huge community of ideologists actively building, buying, and working in
the cryptocurrency world.
- Freedom. The concept that one
could carry millions or billions of dollars in Bitcoin across borders,
pay for anything at any time, and not have to wait on extended bank
delays is a major selling point.
- Security. Bitcoin
payments don’t necessarily need to be tied to one’s personal
information. Since personal information is left out of the transactions,
users aren’t as exposed to threats such as identity theft. Bitcoin can
also be backed up and encrypted to ensure the security of your money.
- Low Transaction Fees. Banks
and companies like PayPal charge to send and receive money. Bitcoin
replaces the 2.5% “transaction fee” with one that’s only a fraction of
that.
The Immutable Ledger. Bitcoin’s blockchain
public ledger is objective. People trust it to be fair because it is
based on pure mathematics, rather than the human error and corruption of
questionable politicians.
What are the disadvantages of Bitcoin?
For all its advantages, Bitcoin does still pose some significant issues.
Perhaps
one of the largest reasons everyone hasn’t jumped on the Bitcoin train
is because its price is shrouded in uncertainty. Many people are
concerned with…
- Legal Gray Area. Major governments
have largely remained on the sidelines, and this has created both a
sense of potential and apprehension for Bitcoin proponents and critics
respectively. Bitcoin isn’t backed by a regulatory agency and a
government would technically be ceding power by supporting a
decentralized currency. This has been largely officially unaddressed.
Bitcoin’s price, however, tends to be very sensitive to any news
concerning the US government’s opinion of cryptocurrencies. For example,
when the SEC denied the approval of bitcoin-based exchange-traded-products—essentially
bitcoin-backed assets on the stock market—in 2017, Bitcoin’s price
dropped 18%. Yet while the price and adoption of Bitcoin would be
affected by government action, governments are unable to criminalize
Bitcoin. In fact, governments such as the United States and China have invested in it at some capacity.
- Exchange hacks. As
stated above, an exchange hack has nothing to do with the integrity of
the Bitcoin system… but the market freaks out regardless. This trend
seems to minimize as users see that cryptos recover from exchange hacks.
As exchanges evolve and become more secure, this threat becomes less of
an issue. Additionally, outside investments funneling into exchanges
are providing the capital for them to grow stronger.
- Illiquidity. This
is mostly moot due to Bitcoin’s $47 market cap but it still makes users
sweat. It’s highly unlikely that Bitcoin’s price would plummet and
you’d be unable to take action, but it’s still unsettling. As more
investors invest, however, illiquidity becomes a negligible risk, as
there will likely always be a buyer for Bitcoins waiting.
- Volatility. This
very reason many speculators are attracted to Bitcoin is the same
reason many potential users are hesitant to get involved. Users that
look at Bitcoin as a speculative investment option are essentially
gambling on the process, and the future price of Bitcoin is largely
unknown. There are estimates that Bitcoin will both be worth pennies in a
few years, while some predict that a single bitcoin will be worth $500k in three years. As new investors continue to invest and the market cap grows, Bitcoin’s price could become more stable.
- Lack of adoption by businesses. The
price volatility is a large reason that many businesses have yet to
adopt Bitcoin as a form of payment. Increased consumer adoption and
price stability will eventually mitigate this disadvantage.
Another
disadvantage is that while many people have heard of Bitcoin, few
understand exactly what it is or how it functions. Guides like this help
to push the needle and build a foundation, but it’s ultimately on the
users to seek out more information.
Bitcoin’s strength lies in its networking effect. The more we spread the word and grow the Bitcoin community, the better off our bitcoins will be.
How to Buy Bitcoin
As
mentioned above, in the early years of Bitcoin it was difficult to find
a trustworthy place to buy the cryptocurrency. With the increase in
demand for Bitcoin, numerous new companies have sprouted to help
facilitate easily purchasing Bitcoin.
These days, many Bitcoin
exchanges have received huge investments from venture capitalist.
They’re also now more heavily regulated, especially those based out of
the United States. You can compare exchanges and view our in depth
reviews in our
How to Buy Bitcoin Guide. We’ve also listed our top two recommended options below:
- Coinbase
launched in 2012 with the hopes of giving users an easier way to buy
Bitcoin. Since its launch, the San Francisco based startup has become
the most commonly recommended buying option for newbies. You can learn
more in our complete Coinbase Review and User’s Guide.
- Gemini
was founded in 2015 by Tyler and Cameron Winklevoss. While they
launched more recently than many of their competitors, the New York
based cryptocurrency exchange has quickly built a great reputation in
the crypto community. You can learn more in our Gemini Review and User’s Guide.
Who invented Bitcoin?
Satoshi
Nakamoto is credited with designing Bitcoin. Nakamoto claims to be a
man living in Japan born on April 5th, 1975 but there are speculations
that he is actually either an individual programmer or group of
programmers with a penchant for computer science and cryptography
scattered around the United States or Europe. Nakamoto is believed to
have created the first blockchain database and have been the first to
solve the double spending problem other digital currency failed to.
While Bitcoin’s creator is shrouded in mystery, his Wizard of Oz status
hasn’t stopped the digital currency from becoming increasingly popular
with individuals, businesses, and even governments.
Bitcoin’s Popularity
It’s important to take a look at Bitcoin’s popularity over time because… well, have a look below:

Google
Trends structures the chart to represent a relative search interest to
the highest points in the chart. A value of 100 is the peak popularity
for the term “Bitcoin” and a value of 50 means it was half as popular at
that time. A score of 0 indicates that the term was less than 1% as
popular as the peak. It’s amazing how the searches relating to Bitcoin
have spiked in the past few years.
When Bitcoin began circulating
in 2009, its early adopters consisted of programmers and a niche crowd
of technical people. Its popularity over time indicates that many of the
disadvantages of Bitcoin will likely dissipate as Bitcoin becomes more
standard.
Unsurprisingly, Bitcoin’s price has grown with increased
demand. As you can see, more buyers enter the market and raise the
price as more people learn about Bitcoin and its technical applications.
Bitcoin’s popularity has undeniably been its number one advantage over the numerous other cryptocurrencies.
By gaining a large number of adopters and users, Bitcoin has achieved a network effect that attracts even more users.
Users who would otherwise be more apprehensive investing in a
relatively unknown and unproven digital currency are reassured by
Bitcoin’s performance over time, its growing community, and the fact
that people they know are adopting cryptos.
Bitcoin’s first
mover advantage, popularity, and network effect has cemented it as the
most popular cryptocurrency with the largest market cap. Rivals like Litecoin may have numerous technical advantages over Bitcoin’s algorithm (
see more about that here),
but they only hold a fraction of Bitcoin’s market cap and their
dwindling communities largely consist of loyalists, speculators, and
antagonistic anti-Bitcoin buyers.
What We Can Learn From Bitcoin’s Popularity
Understanding
what makes Bitcoin so popular allows us to not only conceptualize where
Bitcoin is headed, but also how other cryptocurrencies generally
function. Bitcoin is able to attract users better than any other
cryptocurrency because…
- It has the network effect. Bitcoin’s network validates its worth to newcomers and gives Bitcoin a viral growth rate.
- The high market cap is comforting.
Bitcoin’s massive market cap gives users a sense of security and
stability. With a market cap of about $69 billion, Bitcoin is
comparatively a much safer crypto investment.
- Speculation drives numbers. Many
Bitcoin users are holding onto their bitcoins in hopes of selling them
off for an enormous profit one day. With news articles portraying Bitcoin millionaires as lucky kids who got in early,
you can’t really blame them. For example, if you had spent your $5
latte money on 2,000 bitcoins one morning in 2010, they would be worth
about $5.4 million today. Makes you really wish you’d managed your
Starbucks budget better, doesn’t it?
News drives attention, and attention drives understanding. While
many people have flocked to cryptocurrencies purely in search of
financial gain, there are a ton of people that are simply curious. Some
peoples are sticking around and trying to understand what cryptos are
all about. While more users increases Bitcoin’s network effect, more
people forming in-depth understandings of cryptos also strengthen the
active Bitcoin community.
Final Thoughts
Bitcoin is still a
relatively young currency but it has achieved substantial user adoption
and growth. Bitcoin’s network only grows stronger as more people learn
about Bitcoin’s fundamental technology and potential in relation to
other methods of value storage.
As the flagship of the
cryptocurrency fleet, Bitcoin is considered the “gateway”
cryptocurrency. Understanding Bitcoin’s potential is an essential first
step to seeing the brilliant solutions being worked on in the
cryptocurrency world.
Bitcoin paints a future that is drastically
different from the fiat-based world today. This is either exciting or
unsettling for the vast majority. Equip yourself with the best possible
resources. Become active in communities that further explore not only
the technical applications of Bitcoin and other cryptos, but with their
overall potential to disrupt virtually every market. Brace yourselves.
Cryptos are coming.